Bride of Ice

Marina Tsvetaeva is among the great European poets of the twentieth century. With Anna Akhmatova, Boris Pasternak and Osip Mandelstam, she retained her humanity and integrity through Russia's 'terrible years' of the Great Terror. Even in her long, tragic exile, her roots were in Russia and the great tradition of Russian poetry. Her voice lives in part because it remains alert to her past, and to cultures, especially French, where she spent her exile. When Elaine Feinstein first read Tsvetaeva's poems in the 1960s, they transformed her. Their intensity and honesty spoke to her directly. To her first translations, published to acclaim in 1971, she added in later years, not least the sequence 'Girlfriend', dedicated to her lover Sofia Parnok. Feinstein published Tsvetaeva's biography in 1987.

Marina Tsvetaeva was born in Moscow in 1892. Her father was a professor of art history at the University of Moscow and her mother, who died of TB when Tsvetaeva was fourteen, was a gifted pianist. Tsvetaeva's first poems, Evening Album, were self-published in 1910. In 1912 Tsvetaeva married Sergei Efron, with whom she had two daughters, Alya and Irina. During the Civil War Efron fought in the White Army while Tsvetaeva and the children endured the Moscow famine. Irina died of starvation in 1920. In 1922 the Civil War ended with Bolshevik victory and Tsvetaeva joined Efron in exile in Prague. It was here that she wrote some of her greatest poetry. In 1924 Tsvetaeva's son Georgy was born. The family moved to Paris in 1925. Tsvetaeva became isolated from Russian literary émigrés and, increasingly, from Efron and Alya, whose allegiances moved towards Communism. Both returned to Russia in 1937, Alya freely and Efron to avoid arrest for his involvement in the murder of a defector. Tsvetaeva followed him to Russia with Georgy in 1939, unaware of Stalin's Terror. Alya was arrested and sentenced to fifteen years in prison. Efron was shot in 1941. In the same year, following the German invasion, Tsvetaeva and Georgy left Moscow for Yelabuga in the Tartar Republic. Tsvetaeva hanged herself there on 31 August 1941.